Astronauts must master long-term survival far from Earth before attempting a journey to Mars. The Moon serves as the primary testing site for these critical challenges. Key priorities include developing efficient water recycling systems and sustainable food production. Additionally, maintaining the physical and mental health of crews in deep space remains a top priority. To address these needs, the CNES has identified five major strategic challenges. These initiatives aim to ensure astronaut safety and autonomy during extended missions. Sébastien Barde, CNES deputy director for Exploration and Manned Flights, provides detailed insights into these preparations.