Political scientist Guillermo O’Donnell has cautioned that democratic processes extend beyond simply holding elections. He argues a functioning democracy requires the state to uphold the rule of law across its entire territory and ensure citizens can exercise their rights without intimidation. This observation comes as Colombia prepares to hold elections, despite ongoing challenges posed by organized crime. While Colombia maintains formal institutions and reasonable procedural indicators for elections, O’Donnell’s analysis highlights a critical vulnerability. His work suggests that consistent, free, and fair elections are insufficient for a robust democracy if the state cannot guarantee security and legal protection for its citizens. The piece, published by La Silla Vacía, frames this as an academic reflection on the complexities of democracy in Colombia. It underscores the importance of addressing organized crime to strengthen democratic foundations.