Several new books are prompting a re-examination of the United States’ 1776 declaration of independence. The publications offer historical context to the foundational moment of modern political thought. Rather than a straightforward path to freedom, 1776 is now being viewed as a period of significant ideological hesitation and debate. The 4th of July, traditionally a celebration of national unity, has increasingly become a focal point for ideological conflict within the US. These works aim to provide a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding the birth of the nation. They suggest the meaning of “liberty” itself was contested even at the time of the American Revolution, and continues to be debated today.