Despite maintaining a larger air force than Ukraine, Russia’s ability to effectively utilize its aviation has significantly decreased after five years of conflict. Ukrainian air defenses and long-range strike capabilities are limiting Russian aircraft operations over Ukrainian territory. Russia is experiencing the compounding effects of aircraft losses, technical issues, and a slow rate of new aircraft production. This has resulted in a reduced capacity for Moscow to exert aerial control. The situation suggests that the numerical superiority of the Russian air force does not translate into operational freedom. Consequently, Russia’s air power is proving less decisive than initially anticipated in the ongoing war.