Lung cancer incidence is evolving in Latin America, with experts noting a concerning trend of increasing cases among women. While men currently represent the majority of diagnoses, rising female smoking rates are predicted to alter mortality curves in coming decades. Notably, a significant proportion of patients – 15% in Peru alone – have never smoked, challenging traditional perceptions of the disease. Peru currently identifies over 2,900 new lung cancer cases annually. This suggests factors beyond smoking, such as environmental exposures, may be playing a larger role. The changing demographic highlights the need for broader screening and prevention strategies across the region, targeting both smokers and non-smokers. These developments necessitate a reevaluation of public health approaches to lung cancer in Latin America.