Historically, disputes across the Kazakh steppe were not settled in formal courts, but by “biys” – highly respected judges. These biys earned their authority through public trust, comprehensive understanding of customary law, and established fairness. Their position wasn’t one of official appointment, but rather a result of societal recognition of their wisdom and integrity. This system predates the emergence of modern judicial structures in Kazakhstan. A candidate of historical sciences, Zharilkasyn Zhappasov, a professor, studies this rich tradition. The Astana Times reports on this legacy of steppe justice and its enduring impact on Kazakh legal culture. This tradition highlights a unique approach to dispute resolution rooted in community values.