Global population growth, a defining characteristic of the 20th century, is slowing, marking a potential end to a long period of expansion. Having tripled in 75 years to 8.3 billion, the world’s population may have reached a peak. This demographic shift signifies a move away from simply having more people, to maximizing the potential of the population that exists. Nations that effectively cultivate and utilize human capital – through education, innovation, and workforce development – will be best positioned for future success. The traditional link between population growth and economic progress is weakening, as sheer numbers become less important than skills and productivity. This change presents both challenges and opportunities for countries worldwide, requiring a re-evaluation of economic and social policies. The era of assuming a continuously expanding workforce may be over, demanding a focus on optimizing existing human resources.